by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 26 (May 2020) The talisman of Charlemagne, a gem-bearing reliquary of historic provenance and importance closely associated to the history of Europe (Figure 1), was recently investigated by historians and gemmologists including from SSEF in a collaborative res

by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 26 (May 2020) In 2019, the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF in collaboration with the Istituto Gemmologico Nazionale IGN Rome (Italy) were able to analyse in detail a unique Roman sapphire intaglio (Figure 1), excavated in 1986 in the House of Gemmarius (